| Organ | Reference Values |
|---|---|
| Testicles | Prepubertal (< 9 yr): ~1–2 ml Pubertal (Tanner II–III): ~4–10 ml Adults (≥ 18 yr): ~15–25 ml Criteria for varicocele: Dilated tortuous veins in the pampiniform plexus with a diameter greater than 3 mm. The reversal of flow on the Valsalva maneuver on Doppler suggests a higher grade. Source: Sakamoto et al., J Urol, 2007 |
| Bladder | Newborn: ~30 ml 1 year: ~75 ml 5 years: ~150 ml 10 years: ~250 ml Adults: ~300–500 ml Estimated pediatric capacity: (age + 2) × 30 ml Source: Hakenberg et al., Neurourol Urodyn, 1983 |
| Kidney | Newborn: ~5–7 ml 1 year: ~25–35 ml 5 years: ~50–65 ml 10 years: ~80–100 ml Adults: ~120–160 ml Source: Emamian et al., Acta Radiol, 1993 |
| Prostate | 20–30 yr: ~15–25 ml 40–50 yr: ~25–30 ml 60+ yr: ~30–80 ml (BPH common) Abnormal: Volume > 30 cc considered enlarged. Note: 1 cc prostate = 1 gm prostate. So people tend to use these interchangeably. It is suggested to stick to volume (cc) as that is what we are actually measuring, not the weight. PSA Density: A larger gland will secrete more PSA, so PSA values alone can be erroneous. Hence, PSA density is proposed to be a better estimate of rising PSA. Omitting prostate biopsy for men with PSA-density ≤0.07 ng/ml² would save 19.7% of biopsy procedures while missing 6.9% of clinically significant prostate carcinoma. PSA-density cutoffs of 0.10 ng/ml² and 0.15 ng/ml² resulted in detection of 77% and 49% of Gleason Score ≥7 tumors. Low-grade tumors secrete PSA similar to that of benign prostate tissue, while higher-grade tumors secrete disproportionately more PSA. Hence, the association between the risk of prostate cancer and PSA-density is primarily confined to Gleason Score ≥7 tumors. It is prudent to use the cut-off value of 0.07 ng/ml for PSA density to help ensure that we detect a larger proportion of clinically significant prostate cancers. Source: PubMed |
| Thyroid Gland | 6–10 yr: ~4–6 ml 11–14 yr: ~6–9 ml Adult male: ~12–20 ml Adult female: ~10–18 ml Source: Brunn et al., Klin Wochenschr, 1981 |